Metode de analiza a vorbirii. Exemplificari

Cuprins
Capitolul 1 Analiza vorbirii………………………………………………………………3
      1.1                              Istoric………………………………………………………………………….3
      1.2       Producerea       vorbirii        umane…………………………………………………….3
      1.3  Aplicatii  ale  analizei  şi  sintezei   vorbirii………………………………………4
Capitolul 2 Producerea vorbirii…………………………………………………………...5
      2.1                                Limba………………………………………………………………………….5
      2.2                           Lingvistica……………………………………………………………………..5
      2.3                             Fonetica………………………………………………………………………..5
      2.4      Clasificari      ale       semnalelor……………………………………………………...5
      2.5                              Prozodia……………………………………………………………………….6
      2.6                           Ortografia……………………………………………………………………...6
      2.7            Transmiterea            foneticǎ…………………………………………………………6
      2.8   Adaptarea,   asimilarea   şi    coarticularea………………………………………...6
      2.9  Aspecte   elementare   ale   producerii   vorbirii……………………………………7
      2.10         Voce         şi         vorbire……………………………………………………………….8
      2.11     Modele     sursǎ      –      filtru………………………………………………………....8
      2.12           Clasificarea           fonemelor……………………………………………………….8
        2.12.1                         Acustica………………………………………………………………...8
        2.12.2                       Articulaţie……………………………………………………………...8
        2.12.3                           Fonemele……………………………………………………………….9
      2.13                              Vocale………………………………………………………………………..9
        2.15.1            Vocale             schwa…………………………………………………………..9
        2.15.2    Vocale    rigide     şi     relaxate………………………………………………..9
        2.15.3   Jitter   şi   shimmer    la    vocale……………………………………………...9
        2.15.4                         Diftongi………………………………………………………………...9
        2.15.5                       Semivocalele…………………………………………………………...9
      2.14                             Consoane……………………………………………………………………..9
      2.15                            Africate……………………………………………………………………..10
      2.16 Aspirate……………………………………………………………………..10
                   2.17              Continuante…………………………………………………………………10
      2.18                           Necontinuante………………………………………………………………10
      2.19                            Sibilante…………………………………………………………………….10
      2.20                           Nesibilante………………………………………………………………….10
      2.21                           Sonorante…………………………………………………………………...10
      2.22                           Obstruente…………………………………………………………………..10
      2.23              Bara              vocalǎ………………………………………………………………….10
      2.24                             Alofonele……………………………………………………………………11
      2.25                          Statistici……………………………………………………………………..11
      2.26                              Şoapta……………………………………………………………………….11
Capitolul 3 Predicţia liniară……………………………………………………………..11
      3.1                          Introducere…………………………………………………………………...11
      3.2  Estimări  ale   funcţiei   de   autocorelaţie………………………………………...13
      3.3    Estimarea     spectrului     de     putere……………………………………………….14
        3.3.1           Estimarea           clasică……………………………………………………….14
        3.3.2     Estimarea     spectrală     parametrică……………………………………….15
        3.3.3   Metoda    celor    mai    mici    pătrate…………………………………………17
        3.3.4   Estimarea   spectrală   de   putere   folosind    predicţia
liniară……………….19
Capitolul 4 Analiza cepstrală……………………………………………………………21
      4.1
Introducere.................................................................
......................................21
      4.2                            Istoric………………………………………………………………………...21
      4.3             Cepstrul              real………………………………………………………………….21
      4.4             Cepstrul             complex…………………………………………………………….22
            4.5 Concluzii……………………………………………………………………..24
Capitolul 5 Bancuri de filtre…………………………………………………………….26
      5.1                          Introducere…………………………………………………………………...26
      5.2         Modele         de         filtre………………………………………………………………27
        5.2.1  Filtre  cu  raspuns   finit   la   impuls………………………………………..27
        5.2.2  Filtre  cu  raspuns  infinit  la   impuls……………………………………...28
      5.3    Functii    utile     ale     filtrului………..…………………………………………….29
      5.4 Transformǎri pentru  proiectarea  filtrului  digital…………………………….30
      5.5      Proiectarea      filterlor       FIR……………………………………………………...31
        5.5.1                        Introducere……………………………………………………………..31
        5.5.2     Filtrul     ideal      “trece-jos”………………………………………………...31
        5.5.3          Versiune           realizabilǎ……………………………………………………32
        5.5.4  Îmbunǎtǎţirea   filtrelor   FIR   “trece-jos”   cu   funcţii
fereastrǎ…………….32
        5.5.5    Filtre    “trece-sus”,     “trece-bandǎ”     şi     “stop-
bandǎ”……………………...34
        5.5.6   Alte   tipuri    de    filtre    FIR………………………………………………...36
      5.6       Proiectarea       filtrelor       IIR………………………………………………………37
        5.6.1                        Introducere……………………………………………………………..37
        5.6.2            Faza            liniarǎ……………………………………………………………..38
        5.6.3          Filtrele           Butterworth……………………………………………………39
        5.6.4          Filtrele           Chebyshev……………………………………………………..41
        5.6.5         Decodificarea         frecvenţei……………………………………………….44
        5.6.6         Transformarea         biliniarǎ………………………………………………..46
        5.6.7      Filtrele       digitale       IIR…………………………………………………….48
        5.6.8    Alte    tipuri    de    filtre    IIR…………………………………………………50
      5.7    Proiectarea    bancurilor     de     filtre………………………………………………52
      5.8    Transformata    Fourier    Discretǎ     (DFT)……………………………………….52
      5.9    Transformata     Fourier     Rapidǎ     (FFT)…………………………………………54
      5.10  Relatia  dintre  DFT  şi   filtrele   digitale……………………………………….55
      5.11   Analiza   spectrului   vocal   folosind   FFT.…………………………………….56
      5.12                             Concluzii……………………………………………………………………56
Capitolul 6 Spectrograme……………………………………………………………….57
Capitolul 7 Aplicatii……………………………………………………………………..59
      7.1 Analiza înregistrǎrii vocii feminine………………………………………….59
      7.2 Analiza înregistrǎrii vocii masculine………………………………………...82
Anexa            1             Ferestre             -             prezentare
generală....................................................................
.......105
Anexa                               2                               Programe
sursă.......................................................................
...........................110
Anexa                                                                      3
Constatǎri..................................................................
........................................116